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  Turbulent Flow in Circular Pipe • In laminar flow ( <2000) any disturbance produced is quickly damped out by the viscous resistance. • At higher Re (Re>4000), the fluid motion is irregular and random. There is complete mixing of  fluid due to collision of fluid masses with each other. The resulting flow is known as turbulent flow.  The phenomenon of turbulent motion is known as turbulence. • In turbulent flow, velocity fluctuation causes a continuous interchange of fluid masses between  neighboring layers, which is accompanied by a transfer of momentum. This momentum transfers  results in developing additional shear stress besides viscous shear stress. The additional shear stress  is known as turbulent shear stress. Ad: https://happyshirtsnp.com/   Velocity in turbulent flow In turbulent flow, velocity does not remain constant with time. The velocity at any instant is considered to  be made up of a mean value and a fluctuating component. ...

                               PIPE FLOWS Introduction to Pipe Flow Introduction • Hydraulics deals with both internal as well as external flow. • Internal flow and External flow: Internal flow is also known as bounded flow. Pipe flow such as water supply system, irrigation system in pipe. Open channel is a part of internal flow. External flow: Fluid flow around turbines, blades, automobiles, building, bridge abutments etc. In both case of flow, no slip condition will take place. A pipe is a closed conduit having circular X-section, used for carrying fluid under pressure. When pipe is running full of liquid, flow is under pressure.  Frictional resistance: Fluid flowing in a pipe is always subjected to resistance due to shear force between fluids particles and the fluid boundary wall of the pipe and between the fluid particles themselves resulting from the viscosity of fluid. So, there is always be l...