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LAMINAR FLOW QUESTION COLLECTION-Hydraulics past question collection




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Nikuradse experiment | variation of frictional factor (f) for laminar and turbulent flow

  Nikuradse', a German Engineer, He by gluing uniform sand grains on the inner side of the pipe wall to artifically roughened the pipe conducted a series of well- planned experiments on pipes. Here we choose the pipe of different diameter (D) and by changing the size of sand grain which gives (Roughness height= k), We can observe from his experiment that value of (k/D) varies from about "1/1014 to 1/30"  Since from dimensional analysis 'f is the function of Reynold's no VD/ ν  and ratio of 'k/D' Where, k =Average roughness height of pipe wall, D= Diameter of pipe,   ν = Kinematic viscosity of flowing fluid, Re =VD/ ν  = Reynold's no, k/D = Relative roughness.  Sometimes, "k/D" is also replaced by "R/k" Where, R= Radius of pipe and (R/k)= Relative smoothness whose value varies from "15 to 507''. Ad: Change(Variation) of friction factor for laminar flow (Re<2000) Head loss in laminar flow (i.e. Hagen-Poisseullie equati...
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Reynold's Experiment | Laminar flow's in circular pipe | Shear stress distribution

  Reynold's Experiment • Osborne Reynolds (Mathematician & Physicist, UK) • In 1883, he developed a laboratory set up in which he injected Dye (i.e. a fine, threadlike stream  of colored liquid having the same density as water) at the entrance to a large glass tube through  which water was flowing from a tank .    Fig: Reynold's experiment Ad: https://happyshirtsnp.com/ • Procedure: ✓ The water from the tank was allowed to flow through glass tube into atmosphere. ✓ The velocity of flow was varied by the valve. ✓ Dye was injected into the flow through a small tube. • Observation: ✓ At the initial stage of flow, dye filament in the glass tube was in the form of straight line. This was  a laminar flow. ✓ When increasing the velocity of flow, the dye filament was no longer a straight line. The dye  filament starts to become wavy. This was a transitional flow. ✓ While further increase in velocity of flow, the wavy dye filament broke up and finally diffu...
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Water hammer and unsteady flows in pipes

             Ad: https://happyshirtsnp.com/                                                                             UNSTEADY FLOW IN PIPES When water is flowing through a pipe is suddenly stopped by the use of valve then we can see sudden rise in pressure inside the pipe and this pressure waves transmitted along the length of the pipe and it creates knocking like sound effects knows as 'water hammer'. In doing so, there are rapid pressure oscillation in the pipe, often accompanied by a hammering like sound, this phenomenon is called as 'Water hammer effect'. Sometimes the pressure may rise to the greater extent and may causes serious damage to the pipe. Therefore the 'water hammer' effects should be properly studied in the pipes. The magnitude of pressure rise d...
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